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This Country Framework is part of the Regulatory Frameworks for Project-Based Carbon Credit Markets. To learn more click here.
Overview
In December 2024, the European Union (EU) adopted the Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming Regulation (CRCF), creating the first EU-wide voluntary certification framework for carbon removals, carbon farming (practices that increase soil carbon stocks or reduce soil emissions), and carbon storage in products.1 This regulation sets out criteria and rules for verifying and certifying carbon-removal activities, including nature-based removals (e.g., soil carbon, forestry) and technological removals (e.g., direct air capture and storage, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage). The EU published the first implementing regulation under the CRCF in November 2025, moving the framework toward practical operation and enabling the issuance of certified removal units once methodologies are in place.2 The first set of methodologies for permanent carbon removals, which are direct air capture with carbon storage, biogenic emissions capture with carbon storage, and biochar carbon removal, has been adopted.3
The EU currently does not create compliance demand for project-based carbon credit markets (PCCMs) under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). From 2013 to 2020, EU ETS participants could use international project-based carbon credits generated under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation, subject to quantitative and qualitative limits; however, from 2021 onward, such credits were no longer permitted for EU ETS compliance, reflecting EU concerns over environmental integrity, additionality, uneven credit quality, and the need to ensure that emissions reductions occur within the ETS cap through domestic mitigation.4
Demand for PCCMs, therefore, arises outside compliance markets and is primarily voluntary. Demand is driven by corporate net-zero and climate claims, but has been increasingly shaped by EU sustainability and green-claims regulation—notably the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the Green Claims Directive (GCD)—which constrain how credits can be used and marketed, pushing buyers toward higher-integrity units, particularly carbon removals. However, these signals have recently become more fragmented. In December 2025, the provisional agreement Omnibus I simplification package proposed to narrow and delay the CSRD, reducing the number of companies subject to detailed climate and emissions disclosures and potentially weakening transparency around corporate use of PCCMs. Negotiations on the GCD stalled in mid-2025, leaving uncertainty around future requirements for substantiating climate claims involving carbon credits, even as supply-side integrity rules under the CRCF advance.5
The EU has recently signaled a potential reintroduction of the use of international carbon credits under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement toward meeting its 2040 climate target, marking a shift toward complementing domestic mitigation with internationally sourced credits. Under the EU Climate Law amendment, the EU could use high-quality international credits to make an “adequate contribution” to the 2040 target, beginning in 2036. The volume of such credits would be capped at up to 5 percent of 1990 EU net greenhouse gas emissions, alongside a domestic emissions reduction of at least 85 percent by 2040 compared to 1990 levels. Any use of international credits would be subject to strict safeguards designed to complement Article 6.4 rules, ensure environmental integrity, and include consideration of a pilot phase during 2031–2035 to test implementation.6
I. Supply-Side Regulations
A. Regulatory Framework
Market Classification: The CRCF applies as a regulation for the voluntary carbon market, and not to the EU ETS compliance market. It establishes an EU-wide certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products, while explicitly excluding CRCF-certified units from use in EU ETS compliance, third-party nationally determined contributions (NDCs) accounting, or international compliance schemes. The framework governs certification, issuance, registry recording, and integrity rules for carbon-removal units, but does not mandate their use for compliance purposes.7
Regulatory Status: The CRCF is governed by two regulations. Regulation (EU) 2024/30128 establishes the EU certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products. The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/23589 operationalizes the framework by setting detailed rules on certification schemes, certification bodies, auditing procedures, registries, non-conformities, and sanctions. Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 establishes the legal framework and eligibility criteria for supply-side activities, while Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 provides harmonized operational requirements for project certification and unit issuance throughout the EU.
Key Authorities: These authorities are led by the European Commission (Commission), which adopts certification methodologies and recognizes certification schemes.10 Certification schemes recognized by the Commission administer project certification, apply approved methodologies, operate certification registries, and ensure compliance with governance and integrity requirements.11 Certification bodies conduct certification, recertification, and monitoring audits and must be accredited or recognized by national authorities,12 while member states supervise certification bodies through national accreditation systems and do not issue certified units.13
Sanctions: The CRCF establishes enforceable sanctions through a classification of critical, major, and minor non-conformities. Sanctions include denial of certification, suspension or withdrawal of certificates, cancellation of certified units, and exclusion from certification schemes with additional safeguards to prevent fraud and “scheme hopping,” whereby an operator (equivalent to a project developer) who has failed an audit under one scheme immediately applies for certification under another scheme.14
B. Credit Generation Standards
Eligible Activities: The CRCF covers permanent carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products, including activities that remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in geological, terrestrial, marine, or product-based reservoirs. Eligible activities include industrial carbon removals (such as direct air capture with storage and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage), carbon farming practices that increase soil or biomass carbon stocks or reduce soil emissions, and storage of carbon in long-lasting products.15 Activities that do not result in net carbon removals or net soil emission reductions—such as avoided deforestation or renewable energy projects—are explicitly excluded from the framework.16 The EU adopted the first set of methodologies for permanent carbon removals in 2026, which are direct air capture with carbon storage, biogenic emissions capture with carbon storage, and biochar carbon removal.17
Methodology Framework: Certification under the CRCF is based on EU-level certification methodologies to be adopted by the Commission through delegated acts, tailored to specific activity types and grounded in the best available scientific evidence. The regulation allows methodologies to build upon existing public and private standards and relevant international rules, but does not formally incorporate or reference any international carbon-crediting frameworks as governing standards.18
Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) Requirements: These requirements establish third-party validation, verification, and measurement. All activities must undergo an initial certification audit before implementation and periodic re-certification and monitoring audits thereafter, conducted by independent certification bodies at a reasonable level of assurance.19 Certification bodies must be accredited or recognized by national authorities, must be independent from operators, and cannot have any conflicts of interest. The CRCF framework spells out how audits are conducted, including the depth of checks required, simplified group audits for carbon-farming projects, how problems or errors are classified and corrected, and the confidence level auditors must have before approving a project or issuing units.20
Registry System: CRCF-certified units must be recorded in certification registries operated by recognized certification schemes and, once established by 2028, in a central EU registry managed by the Commission. Registries must ensure full traceability; public transparency of key project and certification information; and safeguards against double issuance, double use, and fraud. Certified units may only be issued after verified net carbon removal or net soil emission reduction benefits are achieved.21
C. Integrity Principles
Additionality Tests: Activities must demonstrate additionality, meaning they go beyond statutory requirements and common practice and would not occur without the incentive effect of certification. Additionality is assessed primarily through standardized baselines that reflect prevailing regulatory and market conditions; an activity that delivers removals or soil emission reductions above such a baseline is presumed additional. Where standardized baselines are not feasible, activity-specific baselines may be used, and certification methodologies must ensure that credited outcomes exceed the baseline scenario.22
Permanence Safeguards: These safeguards do not impose a single uniform permanence rule across all activities; instead, permanence and reversal risk are addressed through activity-specific monitoring periods, validity periods for certified units, and liability mechanisms defined in certification methodologies. Permanent carbon removals are expected to ensure storage over centuries, while carbon farming and carbon storage in products are subject to expiry of units at the end of the monitoring period—set at a minimum of 35 years for carbon storage in products—unless monitoring is extended, reflecting their higher reversal risk.23
Quantification Standards: Carbon removals and soil emission reductions must be quantified using accurate, conservative, transparent, and comparable methods, in accordance with EU-level certification methodologies adopted by the Commission. Quantification follows a two-step approach: first, calculating removals or reductions relative to a baseline; second, subtracting all associated direct and indirect life cycle emissions. Uncertainty must be addressed conservatively, and monitoring reports must be independently audited before certification and re-certification.24
Double-Counting Prevention: This addresses double counting through a combination of unique issuance, registry-based accounting, and audit-linked issuance rules. Certified units may be issued only once, only after a valid recertification audit confirms the generation of net benefits, and must be recorded in certification registries or, once operational, the EU registry, which serves as the authoritative record. Units are explicitly excluded from EU ETS compliance and third-party NDC use, and safeguards are in place to prevent double issuance, double use, and fraud.25
D. Sustainable Development
Co-Benefits: The CRCF requires every certified activity to generate at least one sustainability co-benefit aligned with the regulation’s sustainability objectives: (a) climate change mitigation; (b) climate change adaptation; (c) sustainable use and protection of water and marine resources; (d) transition to a circular economy; (e) pollution prevention and control; and (f) protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems, including soil health and avoidance of land degradation. Carbon farming is held to a stricter standard and must, at a minimum, deliver co-benefits for objective (f). These co-benefits must be achieved in line with minimum sustainability requirements, including the “Do No Significant Harm” and sustainable biomass criteria—and must be transparently monitored and reported.26
Net-Zero Compatibility: The CRCF requires that all carbon removals and soil-emission reductions certified under the framework contribute exclusively to the EU’s NDC, and cannot be used toward any third-party NDCs or international compliance schemes. This rule is established to avoid double counting and ensure that CRCF-certified units support the EU’s own climate neutrality pathway.27
II. Demand-Side Regulations
A. Use Authorization Framework
Applications Allowed:
Voluntary claims: CRCF units are certified under a voluntary EU certification framework and are not eligible for use in EU ETS compliance or other regulatory obligations. While the regulation does not prescribe specific end uses, CRCF units are intended to support the voluntary uptake of high-quality carbon removals as a complement to emissions reductions, provided that their use is transparent.28
Compliance integration: CRCF units are voluntary only, have no compliance value, and cannot be used under the EU ETS or other binding climate obligations; any future compliance use would require new EU legislation.29
NDC alignment: CRCF units are intended to support the EU’s climate-neutrality objective by scaling high-quality carbon removals, but they may not be used toward third-party NDCs or international compliance mechanisms, to avoid double counting. The framework is explicitly voluntary and does not classify CRCF units as compliance- or NDC-usable mitigation outcomes, keeping them within a EU-level certification system consistent with EU climate law.30
Regulatory Status: The CRCF establishes a voluntary certification framework but does not permit the use of carbon credits for EU ETS compliance or for meeting any other binding EU mitigation obligation. Compliance under the EU ETS is limited strictly to EU allowances (EUAs). EU demand-side governance of voluntary carbon credits is indirect and fragmented. The Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition (ECGT) Directive, adopted in 2024, restricts how credits can be used in consumer-facing climate claims, particularly banning neutrality claims based solely on offsetting.31 The CSRD, though recently weakened under the Omnibus I reforms, continues to require disclosure of carbon credit use in corporate transition plans,32 while the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) shapes investor-facing claims by discouraging offset-dependent sustainability strategies.33 Together, these regulations govern claims and require transparency, but do not assign voluntary carbon credits any formal accounting value under EU climate law.
Oversight Bodies:
The European Commission sets the overarching legal framework governing carbon markets, certification, consumer protection, and corporate disclosure, and oversees certification schemes and registries under the CRCF.34
National consumer-protection authorities designated by each member state are responsible for enforcing EU rules on misleading environmental and climate claims. Their enforcement powers derive from the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD), particularly its provisions on enforcement and penalties, which empower national authorities to investigate and sanction unfair commercial practices.35 The ECGT Directive does not create new authorities but instead amends the UCPD by expanding articles to explicitly cover misleading environmental and climate claims, including claims based on carbon offsetting.36
Standards Integration: EU demand-side law does not formally reference international carbon-market standards (e.g., Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market, Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative, International Organization for Standardization) as binding requirements. Any alignment with international standards occurs voluntarily or indirectly, for example, through corporate reporting practices or certification schemes, rather than through EU demand-side regulation.
Enforcement Mechanisms: Consumer-protection enforcement allows national authorities to sanction misleading environmental or climate claims, including those based on carbon credits, under the UCPD as amended by the ECGT Directive. Penalties are set at the national level and may include fines, corrective orders, or injunctions, with higher maximum fines available only in cases of widespread or cross-border infringements under EU consumer-law cooperation rules.37
B. Corporate Use Requirements
Mitigation Hierarchy: This is not explicitly addressed in the regulations.
Scope Coverage: This is not explicitly addressed in the regulations.
Quality Standards: This is not explicitly addressed in the regulations, aside from the supply-side quality criteria.
Accounting Treatment: EU rules require disclosure of carbon credit use, but do not permit netting or offsetting within company emissions accounting. Under CSRD and SFDR, companies must report their gross emissions and separately disclose any use of carbon credits; credits cannot be deducted from Scope 1, Scope 2, or Scope 3 emissions, nor treated as emissions reductions for accounting or target-setting purposes.38
C. Transparency and Assurance
Public Reporting: Under the CRCF, issuance, transfer, and cancellation of certified units must be recorded in certification registries and, once operational, the EU registry, which serves as the authoritative ledger for certified units. Cancellation is the formal registry action indicating that a unit has been retired or used within the voluntary framework.39 EU law does not require public disclosure of who retires or uses carbon credits for voluntary purposes, nor publication of progress toward voluntary climate targets. While the CRCF requires transparency sufficient to prevent double counting, it stops short of mandating entity-level disclosure of retirement or use. Where companies fall within the scope of CSRD, they must disclose their use of carbon credits in sustainability reporting, but this occurs through corporate reports, not registries, and does not constitute public carbon-market accounting.40
Third-Party Verification: There is no requirement for third-party verification of credit use or cancellation on the demand side. Independent verification is mandatory only for the issuance and re-certification of CRCF units on the supply side.
Science-Based Targets: This is not explicitly addressed in the regulations.
Policy Advocacy: The CRCF is Paris-aligned in objective and contribution, as certified removals are intended to support the EU’s own NDC and climate-neutrality pathway. However, CRCF units are not Article 6 aligned: They are not authorized for international transfer, are not so-called Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs), and may not be counted toward third-party NDCs or international compliance schemes, to avoid double counting.41
D. Market Integrity Protection
Anti-Greenwashing: Greenwashing risks on the demand side are addressed through general consumer-protection law, under which national authorities may sanction misleading environmental or climate claims, including offset-based neutrality claims. There is no carbon-specific anti-greenwashing regime governing voluntary credit use, and there is no requirement to verify the integrity of claims beyond general consumer-law standards.42
Co-Benefits Delivery: There is no requirement for users to demonstrate co-benefits from credit retirement.
III. Market-Side Regulations
A. Infrastructure Framework
Market Structure: This structure does not operate a single government trading platform for PCCMs. Under the CRCF, the EU establishes a certification and registry architecture, not a trading venue. Trading of CRCF-certified units—if it occurs—is expected to take place through private or decentralized platforms subject to general EU market, consumer-protection, and financial rules rather than a designated state-run exchange.43
Market-side rules:
Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 (CRCF) establishes the EU-level legal framework for certifying carbon removals, carbon farming, and carbon storage in products, including rules on certification, registries, issuance, transfer, and cancellation of certified units.44
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 sets operational rules for certification schemes, audits, registries, and information disclosure under the CRCF.45
There are no EU rules governing trading modalities, price formation, settlement, or exchange membership for voluntary carbon credits; these remain outside carbon-specific regulation and fall under general EU law where applicable.
Registry Operations: CRCF units are first issued and recorded in registries operated by approved certification schemes. Once the centralized EU-level registry is set up, it will record the issuance, transfer, holding, and cancellation of certified units, ensuring life cycle tracking and prevention of double counting.
However, while registries must ensure transparency sufficient to safeguard integrity, EU law does not mandate public disclosure of user-level retirements, claim purposes, or progress toward voluntary targets. Public transparency focuses on unit validity and status, not on end-user behavior.46
Data Standards: EU rules do not yet establish detailed, machine-readable, market-side data standards for CRCF units. While the Commission plans to establish an EU Carbon Farming Database to harmonize MRV inputs (e.g., models, emission factors, remote sensing, benchmarks) and to support certification and inventories, this initiative would improve methodological consistency rather than unit-level traceability or public market transparency.47
B. Trading and Participation
Eligibility Rules: EU law does not establish eligibility requirements for participation in voluntary carbon credit trading.
Trading Mechanisms: EU law does not prescribe trading formats or transaction mechanisms for voluntary carbon credits. The CRCF establishes certification and registry rules but leaves trading to bilateral contracts or private platforms. There are no EU-mandated rules on order types, auctions, and exchange trading, nor over-the-counter restrictions.
Settlement Systems: There is no EU-level framework for settlement or clearing of voluntary carbon credits.
Price Discovery: EU law imposes no requirements on price formation or disclosure for voluntary carbon credits. Prices are determined through market interactions on private platforms or via bilateral transactions.
Oversight Authority: The European Commission oversees the CRCF by approving and supervising certification schemes and registry requirements. It does not regulate trading conduct, pricing, or market participation. National authorities may intervene only under general consumer protection, financial, or competition law, as applicable.
Legal Classification: CRCF units are defined as certified mitigation outcomes, not emission allowances or financial instruments.48 Their accounting and tax treatment are not harmonized at the EU level. For sustainability reporting purposes, companies must disclose carbon credit use separately from emissions.
C. Market Integrity Safeguards
Anti-Manipulation and Fraud Prevention: EU carbon credit regulation does not establish carbon-market-specific anti-manipulation or anti-fraud rules for voluntary credit trading. The CRCF regulates certification integrity and registry controls but does not impose conduct rules on trading behavior, account access, or transaction practices. Fraud and manipulation risks are addressed only indirectly, through general EU law, including consumer protection.
Transparency and Reporting Requirements: EU law requires registry-level transparency, not market-level trade transparency. Under the CRCF, issuance, transfer, and cancellation of certified units must be recorded in approved certification-scheme registries and, subsequently, the EU registry, to ensure traceability and prevent double counting.49
D. Financial and Cross-Border Integration
Financial Regulation Integration: Voluntary carbon credit trading is not explicitly integrated into EU financial market regulation.
Cross-Border Trading Framework: A dedicated cross-border trading framework for voluntary carbon credits has not been established under the regulation. CRCF-certified units are not authorized for international transfer under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and may not be counted toward third-party NDCs or international compliance mechanisms, to avoid double counting.50
E. Regulatory Advancement Development Road Map
Infrastructure Plans: The EU is building certification-led infrastructure rather than a trading exchange. Priority investments focus on approved certification schemes, scheme-level registries, and an EU registry to aggregate data, ensure traceability, and prevent double counting. In parallel, the Commission is developing MRV-support infrastructure, including an EU Carbon Farming Database of models, emission factors, remote-sensing products, and benchmarks to reduce costs and standardize methodologies. There are no plans to establish an EU-operated carbon credit exchange under the CRCF.51
International Cooperation: The EU has explicitly excluded CRCF units from international transfer under Paris Agreement Article 6. Certified removals are intended to support the EU’s own NDC and climate-neutrality objectives and therefore may not contribute to third-party NDCs or international compliance mechanisms, to avoid double counting. While the EU continues to engage internationally on carbon-market standards and Article 6 governance, the CRCF is not designed for linkage or registry interoperability with Article 6 markets under current law.52
Regulatory Evolution: Regulatory development is expected to proceed through implementing and delegated acts rather than expansion into market conduct or trading rules. The CRCF framework is likely to be refined via methodology updates, certification criteria, registry interoperability requirements, and MRV guidance. However, the EU has also indicated that it may once again permit limited use of international credits toward its 2040 climate target, signaling a shift toward complementing domestic action with internationally sourced credits.53
Enforcement Enhancement: Enforcement is expected to strengthen primarily on the supply side, through tighter certification oversight, audits, accreditation of certifiers, and registry controls. On the demand side, enforcement will continue to rely on general EU law—notably consumer-protection rules against misleading environmental claims and corporate reporting obligations—rather than a carbon-specific penalty regime for PCCMs. There is no indication of forthcoming EU legislation establishing market conduct supervision, trading penalties, or misuse sanctions specific to PCCMs.
References
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 1 (2) (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012 Articles 8, 13 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
Ibid., Articles 9–12; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 4–5 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 11 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 5, 11 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 11 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Article 15 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 6–8 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Articles 1, 2, Recital 9–10 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 8, Recital 27 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 6–12 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 12, Recital 36 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 1(c), 9 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 5, Recital 20–21 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
Ibid., Articles 4–7, Recital 13–19, 29; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 10–11 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 12, Recital 3, 36 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012; European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358, Articles 8–9, Recital 12 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 7, November 27, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Directive (EU) 2024/825 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 February 2024 on Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition Through Better Protection Against Unfair Practices and Better Information,” Recital 12, February 28, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/elrequirei/dir/2024/825/oj.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming,” Official Journal of the European Union Article 1, 8–13 (December 10, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/3012/oj.↩
European Union, “Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Unfair Commercial Practices,” May 11, 2005, Article 11–11a, as amended by Directive (EU) 2024/825, February 28, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32005L0029.↩
European Union, “Directive (EU) 2024/825 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition Through Better Protection Against Unfair Practices and Better Information,” amending Directive 2005/29/EC, Articles 6–7 and Annex I, February 28, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/825/oj.↩
European Union, “Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Unfair Commercial Practices,” May 11, 2005, Articles 6–7, 11–11a, as amended by Directive (EU) 2024/825, February 28, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX :32005L0029. ↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 12 (1–4) (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Recital 3 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Unfair Commercial Practices,” May 11, 2005, Articles 6–7, 11–11a, as amended by Directive (EU) 2024/825, February 28, 2024, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32005L0029.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 12 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/2358 of 20 November 2025 Laying Down Rules on Certification Schemes, Certification Bodies and Audits,” Official Journal of the European Union L 2358 (November 20, 2025), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202502358.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Articles 8–12, Recital 36 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Article 2 (8), Recital 36 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
European Union, “Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 Establishing a Union Certification Framework for Permanent Carbon Removals, Carbon Farming and Carbon Storage in Products,” Official Journal of the European Union L 3012, Recital 3 (November 27, 2024), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202403012.↩
