Türkiye

This Country Framework is part of the Regulatory Frameworks for Project-Based Carbon Credit Markets. To learn more click here.

Overview

Türkiye’s project-based carbon credit market (PCCM) is established under the 7552 Climate Law, published in July 2025, which mandates both a national emissions trading system (TR ETS) and a carbon credit and offsetting mechanism.¹ The draft Türkiye Karbon Denkleştirme Sistemi (Carbon Offset System [TR KDS]) regulation establishes the country’s carbon credit framework, covering emission reduction and removal activities both within and outside the national ETS, and sets national rules for generating, validating, verifying, and issuing Turkuaz Credits.² The Turkuaz Credits, carbon credits within the scope of the Turkish ETS, can be used to fulfill obligations or voluntary commitments.³

The TR ETS draft regulation allows regulated firms to use domestic project-based credits to meet up to 10 percent of their annual compliance obligation, creating the principal compliance demand channel. Credits used for compliance offsets must be five years old or less.⁴ Credits may also be retired for voluntary purposes, with all issuance and retirement conducted through the national registry and disclosed annually.⁵ International credits are recognized under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and tracked through Türkiye’s dedicated international registry, but they do not enter the TR KDS supply and are not eligible for ETS compliance.⁶ A transitional clause within the draft framework permits the temporary use of credits from selected international standards for projects implemented within Türkiye until Turkuaz Credits begin issuance, but this does not extend to ETS compliance and does not replace the domestic TR KDS framework.⁷

Market infrastructure is centralized through two registries defined under Article 4(gg) of the TR KDS draft: the Türkiye Karbon Denkleştirme Kayıt Sistemi (Türkiye Carbon Offsetting Registry, hereafter referred to as the “domestic registry”), which governs issuance, transfer, cancellation, and retirement, and the Türkiye Uluslararası Karbon Kayıt Sistemi (Türkiye International Carbon Credit Registry, hereafter referred to as the “international registry”), which records internationally credited projects and imported credits. All transfers must occur within these systems to ensure traceability.⁸

I. Supply Side Regulations

A. Regulatory Framework

Market Classification: Türkiye’s draft regulations establish acompliance market through the TR ETS and a domestic PCCM with TR KDS, with the latter covering carbon use for TR ETS and voluntary purposes.
Regulatory Status: The legal basis for Türkiye’s carbon market derives from Climate Law No. 7552,⁹ which mandates the establishment of both an ETS and a carbon offsetting mechanism. To operationalize this mandate, the government issued two draft regulations. The TR ETS draft defines ETS coverage; allowance submission; limits; , reporting, and verification (MRV) rules; and compliance obligations.¹⁰ The TR KDS draft establishes national rules for PCCM, including methodology approval, validation, and verification requirements, issuance of Turkuaz Credits, and dual registry infrastructure.¹¹
Key Authorities:
Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change—Directorate of Climate Change (DCC): Leads national climate policy and oversees implementation for both the TR ETS and TR KDS. The DCC approves methodologies, sets registry rules, issues host-country authorizations, determines , and administers corresponding adjustments.¹²
Turkish Standards Institution (TSE): Develops or adapts crediting methodologies, evaluates project documentation, manages validation and verification procedures, and operates both the domestic and international registries, including issuance of Turkuaz Credits.¹³
Carbon Market Board (Karbon Piyasası Kurulu): Established under the TR ETS Draft, exercises core authority over ETS governance, including approval of the National Allocation Plan, decisions on free allocations and auction volumes, price corridors, and offset-use limits.¹⁴ Under the TR KDS, the board plays a role in Article 6 participation by determining which international crediting programs may be used during the transitional period and setting sectoral, methodological, and import/export limitations for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes.¹⁵
TÜRKAK (Turkish Accreditation Agency): Accredits validators and verifiers and ensures separation between validation and verification roles within the national crediting framework.¹⁶
Sanctions: TR KDS provides administrative consequences, such as rejection or correction of project documentation, for supply-side non-compliance.¹⁷

B. Credit Generation Standards

Eligible Activities: Under the TR KDS, program and project activities may generate Turkuaz Credits only if they relate to mitigation actions implemented within Türkiye and fall outside the scope of the TR ETS.¹⁸ Projects must also meet eligibility requirements, including demonstrating özgün katkı (“own contribution” or “additionality”), meaning the project would not be economically, financially, technologically, or institutionally viable without carbon market revenues,¹⁹ and contributing to at least three Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), one of which must be SDG 13 (climate action).²⁰ The regulation further prohibits registration of any project that already generates carbon credits under international mechanisms—such as the Paris Agreement Article 6 programs—or that issues Guarantee of Origin system (YEK-G) or similar energy-attribute certificates, which would undermine the exclusivity and integrity of Turkuaz Credit issuance.²¹
Methodology Framework: The TR KDS engages with international crediting frameworks, including Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) frameworks, specifically TS EN ISO 14064-2 for quantifying, monitoring, and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from projects; TS EN ISO 14064-3 for the verification and validation of GHG statements; and TS EN ISO 17029 for the general principles and requirements governing validation and verification bodies.²²
MRV Requirements: Validation and verification must be carried out by TÜRKAK-accredited bodies in accordance with TS EN ISO 14064-2, TS EN ISO 14064-3, and TS EN ISO 17029, which define how emission reductions and removals are quantified, monitored, validated, and verified.²³ After a project is assessed as eligible, TSE conducts an initial completeness and compliance review,²⁴ and accredited validators perform validation to confirm the accuracy and adequacy of project design documentation and assumptions.²⁵ Verified emission reductions or removals are documented in a verification report prepared annually by an accredited verifier, based on monitoring undertaken by the project owner.²⁶ Turkuaz Credits are then issued into the domestic registry only for the amount of emissions reduced or eliminated as confirmed in the verification report and upon payment of the issuance fee.²⁷ The system incorporates transparency obligations: TSE must publish summary information and associated project ²⁸
Registry System: Türkiye operates a dual registry structure. The first, the domestic registry, created and managed by the TSE, records all TR KDS programs and projects and the issuance, transfer, cancellation, and retirement of Turkuaz Credits.²⁹ The international registry, established and operated by the Presidency of the DCC, records internationally credited projects in Türkiye and internationally authorized credits, such as credits issued under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.³⁰

C. Integrity Principles

Additionality Tests: Türkiye does not use the term “additionality” directly but embeds the concept through the özgün katkı (“own contribution”) requirement, whereby a program or project must demonstrate that its GHG emissions reductions or eliminations would not be economically, financially, technologically, or institutionally feasible without revenue from carbon credit sales and therefore could only be implemented through carbon market incentives.³¹
Permanence Safeguards: The regulation does not have explicit permanence requirements, such as time horizons, buffer pools, or reversal risk mechanisms.
Quantification Standards: Türkiye does not explicitly define quantification standards, but instead anchors such standards in ISO-based methodologies. It requires the use of TS EN ISO 14064-2 for quantifying and monitoring GHG reductions, TS EN ISO 14064-3 for validation and verification of GHG declarations, and TS EN ISO 17029 for institutional assurance. These standards require that reductions and removals are real, measurable, verifiable, transparent, conservative, and account for uncertainty and leakage, which could satisfy the functional equivalent of quantification criteria.³²
Double-Counting Prevention: Double counting in Türkiye’s crediting framework is prevented through two core safeguards. .³³ Second, all Turkuaz Credits must be issued, transferred, canceled, and retired exclusively within the Türkiye Carbon Offsetting Registry operated by the TSE, which records issuance, ownership, and retirement and ensures that credits are issued only in the amount verified by an accredited verifier.³⁴

D. Sustainable Development

Co-benefits: Türkiye’s regulation requires that all projects deliver sustainable development co-benefits, not only emission reductions, though it does not use that specific term. Every TR KDS project must contribute to at least three SDGs, and one of these must be SDG 13. This creates a co-benefits screen: projects must demonstrate environmental, social, or economic benefits aligned with Türkiye’s broader development priorities.³⁵
Net-zero Compatibility: Regulations position carbon markets—including offsetting and international Article 6 mechanisms—as tools aligned with Türkiye’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) trajectory. While domestic offsetting is not explicitly required to contribute to NDC achievement, it anchors these mitigation efforts in NDC and net-zero objectives.³⁶

II. Demand-Side Regulations

A. Use Authorization Framework

Applications Allowed:
Voluntary claims: The regulation allows Turkuaz Credits to be used for voluntary purposes, provided they are issued under the TR KDS. Entities are allowed to request carbon credits and, once issued, retire them through the domestic registry.³⁷
Compliance integration: Under the TR ETS regulation, firms may use domestic carbon credits for up to 10 percent of their annual allowance-surrender obligation.³⁸ Only credits from projects implemented within Türkiye are eligible, and they must be no more than five years old and cannot be YEK-G certificates or other energy-attribute instruments. For compliance, all credits—whether Turkuaz Credits or other domestic units—must be transferred into and retired through the domestic registry.³⁹
NDC alignment: Türkiye also establishes a structured NDC alignment and Article 6 authorization system. Internationally transferable credits must receive a host-country authorization before export, and the Presidency of the DCC applies a corresponding adjustment to Türkiye’s NDC for all authorized units, ensuring that internationally transferred credits cannot also contribute to domestic climate targets. Internationally credited projects implemented within the country are recorded in the separate Türkiye International Carbon Registry, which is created and operated by the Presidency of the DCC. Türkiye has not published any methodological or eligibility criteria describing which projects may seek Article 6 authorization; regulations only empower the Presidency to manage the authorization and corresponding adjustment process, without referencing sectors. No bilateral Article 6.2 agreements have been concluded.⁴⁰
Regulatory Status: Türkiye’s formal demand-side rules are governed by three main regulations: the Climate Change Law (Law No. 7552),⁴¹ the TR ETS regulation,⁴² and the TR KDS regulation (the carbon credit and offsetting regulation),⁴³ with the latter providing some of the provisions on credit use, specifically for compliance use. The TR KDS authorizes the Presidency of the DCC to set ETS-use limits (subject to broader Carbon Market Board oversight) and publish the applicable rules, and establishes ETS eligibility criteria stated in the previous section. Voluntary use is governed only by requiring permanent retirement and prohibiting reuse of credits used for ETS compliance. Beyond the ETS, Türkiye has no PCCM-specific rules governing how carbon credits may be used in climate claims, reporting, or corporate net-zero pledges.⁴⁴ Misleading environmental or sustainability claims likely fall instead under general advertising and consumer protection law—notably Consumer Protection Law No. 6502⁴⁵ and the Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices Regulation,⁴⁶ as supplemented by the Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising⁴⁷—but these apply broadly and do not establish carbon market-specific demand-side standards.
Oversight Bodies: Bodies that directly and indirectly oversee demand-side PCCM regulations include the following:
DCC leads national climate policy and implements the Climate Change Law, including issuing secondary regulations such as the TR KDS and TR ETS; oversees ETS design and climate policy coordination; and provides the institutional authority for the Presidency of the DCC and Carbon Market Board. Although the DCC does not directly regulate voluntary carbon credit use or corporate environmental claims, it sets the legal framework within which ETS demand-side rules, offset-use limits, and Article 6 authorizations are administered.
TSE operates the Türkiye Carbon Offsetting Registry, where all Turkuaz Credits and all credits used for ETS compliance must be transferred and retired. It also ensures the traceability of credit issuance, transfer, and retirement, indirectly shaping demand-side integrity.
Carbon Market established under the TR ETS Draft, exercises core authority over ETS governance, including approval of the National Allocation Plan, decisions on free allocations and auction volumes, price corridors, and offset-use limits.⁴⁸ Under the TR KDS, the Board plays a role in Article 6 participation by determining which international crediting programs may be used during the transitional period and setting sectoral, methodological, and importexport limitations for internationally transferred mitigation outcomes.⁴⁹
Ministry of Trade—Advertisement Board enforces the Law on Consumer Protection and the Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices Regulation, as supplemented by the Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising, which governs misleading environmental and sustainability claims. These bodies indirectly regulate voluntary carbon credit use by overseeing greenwashing and environmental claims integrity, though no carbon market–specific standards exist.
Consumer Protection Directorate oversees compliance with the Law on Consumer Protection and investigates deceptive or unsubstantiated environmental claims affecting consumers, providing the only formal enforcement mechanism for misleading voluntary carbon credit claims in the absence of PCCM-specific demand-side rules.
Standards Integration: Türkiye’s PCCM framework does not reference international demand-side meta-standards.
Enforcement Mechanisms: Offset-related penalties arise when an ETS installation uses ineligible or invalid Turkuaz Credits. In such cases, the installation is deemed to have failed its allowance-surrender obligation and becomes subject to the following: a TRY 1,000,000 (approximately USD 25,400)⁵⁰ administrative fine, mandatory resubmission of the missing allowances, and potential deductions from future free allocations. Persistent noncompliance may lead to operational restrictions.⁵¹ Demand-side use of credits outside the ETS is governed solely by general consumer protection and advertising law, including the Law on Consumer Protection and the Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices Regulation, as interpreted through the Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising. These rules prohibit misleading environmental claims but do not establish

B. Corporate Use Requirements

Mitigation Hierarchy:
Scope Coverage: Scope coverage is not explicitly defined in Türkiye’s PCCM regulations. However, the ETS rules implicitly confine credit use to direct emissions (Scope 1) because may be used only by ETS-regulated installations to cover part of their allowance-surrender obligation, which corresponds only to regulated Scope 1 emissions.⁵²
Quality Standards: Does not reference “real, additional, permanent, reliable” quality standards or impose quality-screening criteria beyond the eligibility rules in TR ETS (domestic origin, less than or equal to five years old, non-YEK-G, outside ETS-covered activities).⁵³
Accounting Treatment: All Turkuaz Credits—and any domestic credits used for ETS compliance—must be routed through the domestic registry operated by the TSE.⁵⁴ Retirement in this registry is the official accounting action for both ETS compliance and voluntary use. Credits originally issued under other standards must be transferred into the TR KDS registry before use, creating a single point of accounting and preventing double use. ETS installations may surrender credits only through this registry, and voluntary claims require permanent retirement. International transfers (Article 6) are accounted for separately through the international registry, with corresponding adjustments applied to the NDC.⁵⁵

C. Transparency and Assurance

Public Reporting: Türkiye does not impose public reporting requirements on companies for the type or volume of carbon credits they use—neither for ETS compliance nor for voluntary claims. Limited transparency arises only from international standards referenced on the supply side, as ISO-aligned MRV documentation is publicly available for some―though not all―project methodologies. The Presidency is also required to annually publish project-level information—project type, owner, and volumes of credits issued and redeemed—but this does not extend to disclosing buyers or the purpose of use, as no credit-level or buyer-level disclosure is required.⁵⁶
Third-Party Verification: Türkiye does not require any third-party verification of company-level climate claims or use. ETS installations must surrender credits in the TSE registry, but no external assurance is required. Verification applies only to projects, not buyers: Project-level MRV must follow TS EN ISO 14064-2, 14064-3, and ISO 17029 under TR KDS, and validation and verification must be performed by accredited bodies. Beyond this project-level MRV, companies using carbon credits—whether voluntarily or in the ETS—face no additional verification or assurance requirements, and there are no rules governing the substantiation of corporate claims involving credit use.⁵⁷
ScienceBased Targets:
Policy Advocacy: Demand-side rules for domestic use under the ETS are purely domestic and do not reference Article 6. Article 6 alignment appears for international transfer of credits but does not affect how domestic entities use credits, while voluntary market claims are not regulated.⁵⁸

D. Market Integrity Protection

Anti-Greenwashing: Türkiye regulates environmental and sustainability claims through its general consumer protection and advertising framework rather than through PCCM rules. The Law on Consumer Protection does not specifically reference environmental claims, but its broad prohibitions on misleading or unsubstantiated commercial practices apply to such claims by implication. The Regulation on Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices provides the legal basis for enforcement, while the 2023 Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising sets out detailed criteria on clarity, substantiation, evidence, and the prohibition of vague or unverifiable statements. These rules indirectly cover voluntary carbon credit claims, but neither TR KDS nor TR ETS contains offset-specific advertising or disclosure requirements.⁵⁹
Co-Benefits Delivery: Requires that all projects deliver sustainable development co-benefits, not only emission reductions. Every TR KDS project must contribute to at least three SDGs, and one of these must be SDG 13. This creates an explicit co-benefits screen: Projects must demonstrate environmental, social, or economic benefits aligned with Türkiye’s broader development priorities.⁶⁰

III. Market-Side Regulations

A. Infrastructure Framework

Market Structure: The PCCM is structured around a centralized, state-run crediting system rather than an exchange-based market. All Turkuaz Credits—once methodologies are operational—are issued and managed through the national registry, and there is no exchange, marketplace, or trading venue established under TR KDS or TR ETS. Trading may occur privately between parties; however, the regulations provide no framework for exchange-based trading, price transparency, or market conduct rules.⁶¹
Registry Operations: Registry functions are centralized under the TSE, which operates the domestic registry. This registry manages project registration, validation, and verification uploads, issuance of Turkuaz Credits, transfers, cancellations, and retirements. Credits used for ETS compliance or voluntary purposes must be retired in this registry. A separate system, the international registry, operated by the Presidency of the DCC, tracks Article 6 authorizations and internationally credited projects implemented in Türkiye. All transfers, retirements, and authorizations proceed exclusively within these registries; there is no parallel private registry permitted for compliance or voluntary use at this point.⁶²
Data Standards: Türkiye does not impose market-level or registry-level data standards. TR KDS incorporates ISO requirements only for MRV at the project level (TS EN ISO 14064-2, 14064-3, ISO 17029), but no data standard applies to trading, price transparency, market conduct, or registry data architecture. Registry data are not public except for annual mandated project-level disclosures. There are no rules governing interoperability with international registries, application programming interfaces, metadata standards, digital MRV, or market data publication.⁶³

B. Trading and Participation

Eligibility Rules: Eligibility to participate in the project-based carbon crediting system is determined entirely through regulatory criteria, not market-access requirements. Under the TR KDS Regulation, only approved program and project owners registered in the Türkiye Carbon Offsetting Registry may generate, hold, transfer, or retire Turkuaz Credits. Account holders must meet the TSE’s verification and onboarding requirements, but there are no platform-based trading eligibility criteria because no trading venue exists. Internationally credited projects implemented in Türkiye are recorded in a separate international registry operated by the Presidency, but these units are not tradable in a domestic exchange because Türkiye does not authorize marketplace trading for either domestic or international credits.⁶⁴
Trading Mechanisms: Türkiye’s PCCM does not include any statutory trading mechanism. All credit movements occur as registry-based administrative transfers within the domestic registry, where credits may be issued, transferred, canceled, and retired. The regulations do not provide for auctions, order books, exchange trading, brokerage systems, contract standardization, or over-the-counter settlement frameworks. Transfers between registry accounts are permitted but occur solely within the registry and do not constitute market trading. As a result, Türkiye’s PCCM functions as a centralized crediting and accounting system, not a trading market, with no regulated or self-regulated trading venues.⁶⁵
Settlement Systems: Türkiye does not operate a post-trade settlement system for carbon credits, as there is no exchange or trading venue, nor is there any trade execution or clearing infrastructure.
Price Discovery: Türkiye has no price discovery mechanisms for carbon credits, as the PCCM does not include an exchange, order book, auction platform, or market data system.
Oversight Authority: There is no dedicated authority regulating carbon credit trading venues because no trading venues exist for carbon credits. Oversight of the PCCM and ETS occurs entirely through public regulatory bodies on the supply and demand side, encompassing both the domestic and international registries.
DCC sets ETS credit-use rules (TR ETS), authorizes international transfers and applies corresponding adjustments, and oversees the international registry.⁶⁶
TSE operates the domestic registry, administering project registration, credit issuance, transfers, cancellations, and retirements.⁶⁷
Legal : Regulations do not define the legal status, ownership classification, or financial accounting treatment of carbon credits.

C. Market Integrity Safeguards

Anti-Manipulation and Fraud Prevention: Türkiye’s PCCM and ETS frameworks do not contain market conduct rules, anti-manipulation provisions, or fraud prevention mechanisms for carbon credit transactions.
Transparency and Reporting Requirements: Türkiye has no dedicated transparency rules for carbon credit trading or market-side disclosures. Transparency is primarily ensured through registry-based processes rather than market-side disclosure rules.

D. Financial and Cross-Border Integration

Financial Regulation Integration: Türkiye does not authorize any trading venues or exchanges for carbon credits; there are no licensing requirements, market infrastructure approvals, or financial market conduct rules applied to carbon credit transfers or holdings.
Cross-Border Trading Framework: Türkiye’s cross-border carbon credit framework requires host-country authorization by the Presidency of the DCC and the application of corresponding adjustments to Türkiye’s NDC for all internationally transferred units. Authorized credits are recorded in the Türkiye International Carbon Registry, which tracks project information, authorized volumes, and transfers. The Presidency may also limit eligible international programs, sectors, and methodologies during the transitional period. Türkiye has not yet concluded any Article 6.2 bilateral agreements, and no operational cross-border transfer mechanism exists beyond these authorization and accounting procedures.⁶⁸

E. Regulatory Advancement Development Roadap

Infrastructure Plans: Türkiye’s PCCM is designed as a centralized, registry-based system, and current development efforts focus on operationalizing the domestic and international registries created under TR KDS. These registries form the core infrastructure for project registration, MRV documentation, credit issuance, transfer, and retirement, and they will serve as the foundation for any future domestic or cross-border credit flows once methodologies and project types are finalized.⁶⁹

International Cooperation: Türkiye has not yet concluded any bilateral Article 6.2 Implementation Agreements, and operational international transfer channels have not been established. Cross-border activity will remain limited until Article 6–related methodologies, authorization procedures, and registry linkages are implemented under TR KDS.⁷⁰
Regulatory Evolution: The Climate Change Law anticipates the expansion of Türkiye’s carbon market architecture, including ETS development, integration, and Article 6 participation, but neither TR KDS nor TR ETS currently defines the legal or financial status of credits or contemplates exchange-based trading. Future regulatory updates—particularly concerning allocation rules, Article 6 implementation, and the evolution of registry processes—are likely as the ETS becomes operational. As of 2026, however, no formal proposals on classifying credits as financial instruments or enabling trading venues have been published.
Enforcement Enhancement: Türkiye’s PCCM and ETS frameworks do not contain market conduct, anti-manipulation, or fraud prevention rules, largely because no carbon credit trading market exists. Enforcement is limited to administrative functions—ensuring registry accuracy, verifying MRV documentation, and enforcing ETS allowance-surrender obligations. The regulations provide no indication of how market-side integrity would be monitored or enforced if trading infrastructure were introduced, and, given the nascent stage of PCCM regulatory development in the country, no policy documents outlining prospective market conduct rules, transparency requirements, or oversight mechanisms exist yet.

References

Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Official Gazette No. 32951, July 9, 2025, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2025/07/20250709-1.htm. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (1a). ↩
Ibid., Article 25. ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (1a). ↩
Ibid., Articles 4 (g), 19. ↩
Ibid., Article 1. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12, 19. ↩
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Official Gazette No. 32951, July 09, 2025. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” July 22, 2025. https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Article 6. ↩
Ibid., Article 7. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” Article 23, July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Articles 16–17, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Article 8. ↩
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Article 14, July 09, 2025. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=; Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Article 23, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Article 2, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (y). ↩
Ibid., Article 5 (3). ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (z, aa, bb). ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (z–bb). ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ibid., Article 11 (2). ↩
Ibid., Article 9 (a). ↩
Ibid., Article 12 (1–3). ↩
Ibid., Article 12 (4). ↩
Ibid., Article 11 (8). ↩
Ibid., Articles 7 (1b), 11 (6), 12 (6). ↩
Ibid., Articles 4 (gg), 5 (4), 19 (1). ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (y). ↩
Ibid., Article 4 (z–bb). ↩
Ibid., Article 2 (1a). ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12. ↩
Ibid., Article 5 (3). ↩
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Articles 2, 5, July 09, 2025. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Articles 2, 4, 15, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” Article 25, July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Articles 11–12, 14, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Articles 4 (g), 17, 19. ↩
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Official Gazette No. 32951, July 09, 2025, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” Article 25, July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Articles 13–15. ↩
Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Trade, “Law on Consumer Protection (Law No. 6502),” Official Gazette No. 28835, November 28, 2013, https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5d42a9b313b87632542a2dae/LAW%20ON%20CONSUMER%20PROTECTION.pdf. ↩
Kemal Altuğ Özgün and Ayşe Gönen Anaeli, “A Closer Look on Greenwashing in Türkiye: Guideline for Environmental Claims in Advertising,” Lexology, March 29, 2023, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c5f85715-5dbe-4617-9e6e-1aa5749a4270. ↩
Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Trade, Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising, December 13, 2022, https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/data/63ada5bc13b876a1c8715f73/ÇEVREYE%20İLİŞKİN%20BEYANLAR%20İÇEREN%20REKLAMLAR%20HAKKINDA%20KILAVUZ.pdf. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” Article 23, July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Articles 16–17, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
TYR amounts are converted per 1 USD using an exchange rate of 39.40, reflecting the average rate over the past 12 months from December 2025. ↩
Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, “Law No. 7552 on Climate (İklim Kanunu),” Article 14, July 09, 2025. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7552&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=; Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Article 23, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Türkiye’s Emissions Trading System,” Article 25, Appendix 4 (4a), July 22, 2025,https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/TR-ETS%20Yonetmelik%20Taslagi%20(Temiz%20versiyon)(1).docx. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Article 14, July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12. ↩
Ibid., Article 17. ↩
Ibid., Article 22. ↩
Ibid., Articles 4, 8. ↩
Ibid., Articles 17–19. ↩
Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Trade, Guide on Environmental Claims in Advertising, December 13,2022, https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/data/63ada5bc13b876a1c8715f73/ÇEVREYE%20İLİŞKİN%20BEYANLAR%20İÇEREN%20REKLAMLAR%20HAKKINDA%20KILAVUZ.pdf; Kemal Altuğ Özgün and Anaeli, “A Closer Look on Greenwashing in Türkiye: Guideline for Environmental Claims in Advertising”, CBC Law, Lexology, March 29, 2023, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c5f85715-5dbe-4617-9e6e-1aa5749a4270. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Article 5 (3), July 22, 2025, https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Article 12. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12, 19. ↩
Ibid., Articles 4, 22. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12, 19. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12. ↩
Ibid., Articles 17–19. ↩
Ibid., Articles 11–12. ↩
Ibid., Articles 17–19. ↩
Ahmet Kerem Demir, Göze Yıldırım, and Ege Arberk Erdoğan, “Carbon Credits Under Türkiye’s New Climate Law: A Legal and Commercial Turning Point,” Turkish Law Blog, August 07, 2025, https://www.gentemizer.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/GT_202508_Carbon-Credits-under-Turkiyes-New-Climate-Law-A-Legal-and-Commercial-Turning-Point.pdf. ↩
Directorate of Climate Change (Türkiye), “Draft Regulation on Carbon Crediting and Offsetting,” Articles 17–19, July 22, 2025. https://iklim.gov.tr/db/turkce/icerikler/files/2025_07_31-Taslak_Denkleştirme_Yönetmeliği_Temiz.pdf. ↩