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Reports by , , • April 11, 2017
By Tom Moerenhout, Nikos Vezanis, and Chris Westling
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A new report from the Center on Global Energy Policy analyzes the political economy of energy pricing reforms in the Middle East and North Africa since the Arab Spring. Authors TA new report from the Center on Global Energy Policy analyzes the political economy of energy pricing reforms in the Middle East and North Africa since the Arab Spring. Authors Tom Moerenhout, Nikos Vezanis, and Chris Westling investigate the conditions under which the governments of Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran–each with very different political economies–were able to implement price increases. The report explains for each country why reform was necessary, how political coalitions affected reform planning and implementation, and how social contract dynamics affected the reforms. Key findings include:
– Fiscal crisis has been the main reason for all countries to implement energy subsidy reforms, operating as a convincing argument to garner support from the wider population but also as an effective political tool to convince and sideline powerful stakeholders.
– Most countries in the MENA region seek to substantially alter their economic model and their social contract. They have spent an unusually large effort on communication campaigns to explain to the people the rationale of and need for reforms while simultaneously demonstrating their power through more repressive measures.
– The success of current and potential future reforms depends on economic progress and the ability to implement new, targeted social safety systems. Because of challenges to deliver more targeted social safety systems, some countries use other subsidies (like food subsidies) as a way to mitigate the negative impacts of energy pricing reform.
– Because of a particular mix of political conditions, Saudi Arabia’s social contract proved to be elastic, and further reforms are now linked to the implementation of a new cash transfer scheme.
The authors determine that although bargaining games have occurred in every country on how to go about reform, there is a region-wide understanding to target the distortions from the subsidy regime, which marks a paradigm shift in the entire social contract upon which MENA states have been traditionally governed. Contrary to a history of relative irresponsiveness, the power balance has recently shifted toward the people in these nations. Whether or not a second Arab Spring will manifest in the future will depend on how governments deal with this challenge and their ability to achieve economic diversification and growth, reduce the shrinking of middle classes, and counter high unemployment.
Economic, political, and fiscal realities have shifted energy policy priorities across the globe toward the goals of affordability and competitiveness.
CGEP scholars reflect on some of the standout issues of the day during this year's Climate Week
Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) are reshaping the transportation energy landscape, providing a practical alternative to petroleum fuels for a growing number of applications. EV sales grew 55× in the past decade (2014–2024) and 6× since 2020, driven by technological progress enabled by policies to reduce transportation emissions as well as industrial plans motivated by strategic value of EVs for global competitiveness, jobs and geopolitics. In 2024, 22% of passenger cars sold globally were EVs and opportunities for EVs beyond on-road applications are growing, including solutions to electrify off-road vehicles, maritime and aviation. This Review updates and expands our 2020 assessment of the scientific literature and describes the current status and future projections of EV markets, charging infrastructures, vehicle–grid integration and supply chains in the USA. EV is the lowest-emission motorized on-road transportation option, with life-cycle emissions decreasing as electricity emissions continue to decrease. Charging infrastructure grew in line with EV adoption but providing ubiquitous reliable and convenient charging remains a challenge. EVs are reducing electricity costs in several US markets and coordinated EV charging can improve grid resilience and reduce electricity costs for all consumers. The current trajectory of technology improvement and industrial investments points to continued acceleration of EVs. Electric vehicles are increasingly adopted in the USA, with concurrent expansion of charging infrastructure and electricity demand. This Review details these trends and discusses their drivers and broader implications.
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Reports by , , • April 11, 2017