France

This Country Framework is part of the Regulatory Frameworks for Project-Based Carbon Credit Markets. To learn more click here.

Overview

France operates a dual-track carbon framework that combines: (i) compliance carbon pricing through the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), and (ii) a national, state-run, project-based voluntary crediting framework called the Label bas-carbone (LBC). The LBC, established by Décret n° 2018-1043 of November 28, 2018,¹ and enacted by the Arrêté of November 28, 2018, is intended to certify additional greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions or CO₂ sequestration from projects implemented on French territory. In 2025, France overhauled the scheme via Décret n° 2025-917 du 5 septembre 2025² and the Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas-carbone, which together modernize governance, introduce a dedicated registry, and clarify the rules for credit transfer (“cessions”) and retirement (“retraits”).³

Under the reformed framework,⁴ methodologies (“méthodes”) are developed and approved by the ministry in charge of ecological transition, through the Direction Générale de l’Énergie et du Climat (DGEC) and its Groupe scientifique et technique (GST), while project-level decisions (label issuance, withdrawal, and recognition of verified emission reductions) are taken by regional prefects, as formalized in the 2025 Arrêté. LBC credits represent verified (or milestone-based ex-ante) reductions or removals relative to a baseline scenario and must comply with detailed integrity criteria set out in the LBC “référentiel” (additionality, measurement, reporting, and verification [MRV], safeguards, and registry recording).⁵

Compliance obligations for large emitters in France are governed by the EU ETS, which applies uniform cap-and-trade rules across all EU member states, including France, for the power, industry, aviation, and maritime sectors. EU ETS rules do not allow the use of offsets or domestic project credits for compliance in the current phase, so LBC credits function entirely outside the compliance system. France’s Stratégie nationale bas-carbone (SNBC)⁶ is its national low-carbon strategy and carbon-budget framework aimed at net zero by 2050. This strategy identifies domestic project-based action as one lever to support decarbonization, and government materials present the LBC as a tool to channel private finance into high-integrity local mitigation in line with SNBC trajectories, without overlapping with the EU ETS or changing EU-level caps.

As of early 2026, France’s project-based carbon market thus rests on the state-certified, state-registered voluntary crediting scheme, the LBC,⁷ operating under updated 2025 legislation, while all compliance-grade carbon pricing remains within the EU-level EU ETS. This architecture is intended to minimize double counting, ensure robust MRV and transparency for domestic projects, and align voluntary finance flows with France’s SNBC-driven net-zero pathway rather than with compliance obligations.

I. Supply-Side Regulations

A. Regulatory Framework

Market Classification: France’s project-based carbon market is organized around the LBC, a domestic voluntary crediting scheme created by Decree n°2018-1043 of November 28, 2018, and revised by Decree n°2025-917 of September 5, 2025.⁸ It certifies mitigation projects (emission reductions and removals) implemented on French territory that go beyond existing regulations and usual practice. LBC credits are not usable for EU ETS compliance or the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation but can be used for voluntary climate contribution or carbon offsetting and to satisfy certain law-mandated environmental mitigation requirements (e.g., biodiversity compensatory measures or aviation emissions counterbalancing).⁹
Regulatory Status: The LBC operates under binding national rules:
Decree n°2018-1043 (as amended by Decree n°2025-917) establishes the label, its objectives, core governance, and the principle that projects generate certified “crédits carbone” after verification.
The ministerial Arrêté of September 5, 2025, defines the LBC référentiel (rulebook): project eligibility criteria, methodology approval procedures, MRV requirements, labelling steps, and registry credit management (issuance, transfer, and withdrawal).¹⁰
Together, these instruments make LBC a state-run, rules-based certification framework, not a voluntary “industry standard” or self-regulatory scheme.
Key Authorities:
Ministry for Ecological Transition: This ministry sets overall policy for the LBC under the SNBC, approves methodologies, and issues and updates the decree and arrêté forming the LBC regulatory core.¹¹
Regional prefects and DREALs: Since March 1, 2022, regional prefects are the competent authorities for project labeling; DREALs (regional directorates for environment, planning, and housing) review applications, check conformity with methods, and prepare labeling and verification decisions.¹²
Independent auditors: External, independent auditors conduct ex-post verification of emission reductions or removals in line with the LBC référentiel and approved methods; their verification reports underpin the decision to issue LBC credits.
LBC registry operator (Ministère de la Transition écologique): This ministry operates the Label bas-carbone registry, which records projects, verified credits, transfers, and withdrawals, and underpins transparency and traceability of units.¹³
Sanctions: The LBC regime relies primarily on administrative sanctions internal to the scheme, rather than monetary fines specific to the label:
The revised decree and arrêté allow withdrawal of the label (délabellisation) for projects that breach their commitments or no longer comply with the methods or the LBC rulebook.
Credits associated with non-compliant projects can be canceled or refused (e.g., if verification fails or serious non-conformities are found), preventing further issuance or transfer in the registry.

B. Credit Generation Standards

Eligible Activities: As of October 2025, approved methods span forestry (afforestation, degraded forest restoration, continuous-stock management, etc.), agriculture (carbon farming, hedgerows, large crops, etc.), livestock feed or methane reduction, urban tree planting, building renovation, bio-sourced new buildings, wetland blue carbon (e.g., posidonia, mangroves),¹⁴ and “tiers-lieux” (telework or coworking mobility). Each method is sector specific, and details project baseline, eligibility, quantitative MRV, and permanence and uncertainty controls.
Methodology Framework: Methods are approved via scientific concept review, GST consultation, DGEC decision, and formal publication. Methods are valid until revised or abrogated; transitional rules preserve already-certified project accounting unless specified.¹⁵ The methodology process includes (1) pre-submission conformity check against the LBC referential, (2) submission to DGEC, (3) public consultation (minimum of three weeks), (4) GST scientific review, and (5) formal ministerial approval and publication. This is all codified in the 2025 Arrêté and the LBC method portal.
MRV Requirements: All LBC projects must undergo rigorous, third-party measurement and verification before credits are issued, as codified in the Arrêté of September 5, 2025. Verification is performed by an independent, qualified auditor (“organisme de vérification indépendant”), designated in accordance with national criteria for LBC auditors; these entities must be completely free from conflicts of interest for the relevant project. The LBC does not require separate entities for different stages of the audit process.¹⁶
Registry System: France’s Label bas-carbone requires a publicly accessible registry system for full transparency and traceability of project-based carbon credits. Upon project registration, the LBC registry website publishes essential project information, and after each audit or verification round, the monitoring report, verification report, and auditor’s report are made publicly available online. This enables any stakeholder or citizen to review project data, safeguards against double counting, and strengthens market integrity.¹⁷

C. Integrity Principles

Additionality Tests: These are mandatory for all LBC projects. Additionality is assessed against a regulatory and financial reference scenario, following counterfactual rules defined in the Arrêté of September 5, 2025 and in each approved method (baseline viability, regulatory surplus, usual-practice test).¹⁸
Permanence Safeguards: Nature-based and land-use projects must follow long-term monitoring obligations and apply method-specific permanence and uncertainty controls. France has not yet introduced a unified national buffer pool; permanence instruments are defined individually within each methodology and are under review for future harmonization.
Quantification Standards: Methodological guidelines set sector-specific baselines, project scenarios, leakage, and uncertainty rules published by the Ministry of Energy Transition in 2025.¹⁹
Double-Counting Prevention: Exclusive project registration, unique serial numbers, a single national public registry for all credits, and full public disclosure of issuance and retirements ensure the prevention of double counting. As of 2025, the Article 6.2 credit transfer and corresponding adjustment mechanism is not yet operational in the LBC, but future registry provisions are being studied.

D. Sustainable Development

Co-Benefits: All LBC projects must analyze environmental and social impacts and are subject to risk and benefit screening in the project documentation. The Arrêté requires that projects not cause significant negative impacts, and an assessment by independent auditors and public disclosure (including a public comment period, typically 30 days) ensures integrity and stakeholder input; co-benefits (biodiversity, ecosystem, or social) are documented and can be credited if measured.²⁰
Net-Zero Compatibility: The LBC is formally designed to support France’s national decarbonization strategy, the SNBC,²¹ which requires that projects be aligned with France’s 2050 carbon neutrality objective; fossil fuel incremental projects are not eligible.

II. Demand-Side Regulations

A. Use Authorization Framework

Applications Allowed:
Voluntary claims: Credits certified under the LBC can be purchased and canceled by companies, local authorities, public institutions, or individuals to support voluntary climate action (carbon neutrality; corporate sustainability reporting [CSR]; environmental, social, and governance [ESG]; climate contribution; and compensation). All usage must be transparent and linked to credit retirement in the LBC registry.²²
Compliance integration: LBC credits cannot be used for EU ETS compliance (as explicitly codified in Article 3),²³ national carbon-budget obligations, or any binding legal mechanism. Their use is strictly voluntary and is legally separate from both EU-level and national compliance frameworks.
Nationally determined contribution (NDC) alignment: LBC credits do not contribute to France’s NDC accounting. They represent voluntary domestic mitigation and do not alter France’s official GHG inventory or carbon-budget targets (SNBC).
Regulatory Status: Use of LBC credits in France operates under a voluntary framework established by national legislation, primarily the Arrêté of September 5, 2025,²⁴ which regulates credit issuance, transfer, and retirement. While the regulation contains strict rules around transparency, registry-linked retirement, and prevention of double claims, there is no legal obligation for companies or entities to purchase or surrender LBC credits. The scheme supports voluntary climate action, and all credit cancellations (i.e., retirements) are recorded publicly in the LBC registry to ensure traceability. Retirements for voluntary claims and their related disclosures are enforced to maintain market integrity but are not tied to any compliance requirement, as LBC credits cannot be used in the EU ETS or for NDC accounting.
Oversight Bodies:
DGEC is responsible for national oversight, method approval, and regulatory coherence with the SNBC.
Regional prefects are responsible for project review, project validation, and formal issuance of verified credits.²⁵
GST oversees scientific review of the proposed methodologies.

These authorities operate under the Ministry for Ecological Transition.

Standards Integration: The LBC registry publicly records issuances, transfers, and retirements, supporting transparency and consistency with CSR frameworks (e.g., French ESG reporting and Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive [CSRD]). The LBC does not impose additional reporting standards, but CSRD-covered²⁶ entities may report LBC use under EU sustainability-reporting rules.
Enforcement Mechanisms: All voluntary climate claims and registry retirements are subject to administrative review and published in the registry. Noncompliant projects or false claims can lead to label withdrawal and credit cancellation.²⁷

B. Corporate Use Requirements

Mitigation Hierarchy: Companies are strongly encouraged but not legally required by French law to prioritize internal emission reductions (Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3) before offsetting residuals with LBC credits. This hierarchy is codified in the French government’s high-integrity charter for voluntary carbon markets,²⁸ launched in 2025, and aligns with the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative (VCMI) Claims Code of Practice. Charter signatories must report on all three emission scopes, publish time-bound climate action plans, and use offsets only as a complement to authentic reduction pathways.
Scope Coverage: There are no scope or sector restrictions for voluntary use of LBC credits. These may be used to address Scope 1, Scope 2, or Scope 3 as per company policy, provided claims are transparent and not confused with regulatory compliance.
Quality Standards: All credits must originate from LBC-approved projects and must be audited independently and validated by a regional prefect. The charter and VCMI guidance require companies to favor credits with the robust additionality, permanence, MRV, and transparency requirements detailed in the Arrêté.
Accounting Treatment: The LBC registry is the sole authoritative ledger for credit issuance, transfer, and retirement. Voluntary use claims must correspond to retired credits in the registry; company internal tracking and external claims must be reconciled with registry status. The LBC does not impose additional reporting standards, but CSRD-covered²⁹ entities may report LBC use under EU sustainability-reporting rules.

C. Transparency and Assurance

Public Reporting: All issuances, transfers, and retirements of LBC credits are published in the national LBC registry as required by the Arrêté of September 5, 2025.³⁰ For voluntary users, disclosure of credit use in sustainability reports is encouraged but not legally mandated under LBC rules. Any communications must avoid misleading claims under French consumer and environmental laws.
Third-Party Verification: Project-based LBC credits must be validated by an independent auditor and approved by the regional prefect. While there is no statutory legal requirement for additional corporate-side verification, the French charter encourages (but does not require) extra voluntary assurance for offset-based claims.
Science-Based Targets: None.
Policy Advocacy: There are no mandatory buy-side quotas or laws, but the French government’s high-integrity carbon credit charter (launched in April 2025) encourages corporate buyers to adhere to high-integrity international standards and best practices, transparently disclosing the use and retirement of LBC credits in sustainability communications.³¹

D. Market Integrity Protection

Anti-Greenwashing: The LBC system ensures integrity by requiring all credit issuances, retirements, and transfers be entered in a unique, state-run registry with serial numbers. Presence in the registry is mandatory for all claims; only credits retired in this registry can be legitimately claimed, minimizing risks of double counting or greenwashing.³²
Co-Benefits Delivery: There is no regulatory requirement for buyers or credit users to independently prove co-benefit delivery at the time credits are used. All social, SDG, or biodiversity co-benefits must be documented and verified during the project registration and audit phase, in accordance with the approved methodology and the Arrêté.

III. Market-Side Regulations

A. Infrastructure Framework

Market Structure: France’s domestic project credits are issued under the state scheme, the LBC. Since September 5, 2025, LBC credits are transferable (“cessibles”) and can subsequently be retired (“retrait”); transfers and retirements are recorded in the LBC registry. There is no central exchange; transactions are over-the-counter (OTC; private contracts)³³ with delivery through the registry. Scheme governance (methods or issuance rules) sits with the DGEC; the registry handles project and credit life cycle operations.
Market-side rules: The legal basis is the Decree of September 5, 2025 (amending Decree 2018-1043), and the Arrêté of September 5, 2025, setting the LBC reference framework. The ministry summarizes key effects: the LBC is restricted to French territory projects, prefects validate verifications, credits are now transferable, and the 2025 reform strengthens price and project detail transparency and the CSRD compatibility of disclosures.

Registry Operations: The LBC registry³⁴ is the operational backbone after a project is labeled. It supports verification, validation, attribution of verified reductions to carbon credit buyers, transfers (cessions), and retirements (retraits). Access is restricted to directly concerned actors (project developers, carbon credit buyers, auditors, and instructing services). A public site provides scheme documentation and method pages, while the operational registry is a secure portal; the ministry publishes a public notice describing user roles and steps.³⁵
Data Standards: The 2025 reform reinforces unique serial numbering, recording of lot attributes, publication of essential project and method documentation, and transparency of issuances, transfers, and retirements. The ministry announced an intention for the LBC to be compatible with CSR (including CSRD requirements) by ensuring traceable, documented climate-contribution claims. However, CSRD³⁶ alignment is a policy goal, not a statutory obligation of the LBC scheme.

B. Trading and Participation

Eligibility Rules: Registry participants include demandeurs (project owners), financeurs (credit buyers), auditors, and instructing services (prefectural services). Each actor operates under a specific permission profile. All credit life cycle actions, including recognition of verified reductions, transfers (“cessions”), and retirements (“retraits”), must be executed inside the state registry profiles.³⁷
Trading Mechanisms: LBC credits are exchanged exclusively via OTC contracts between private parties. Delivery occurs through the registry once a bilateral agreement has been signed. There is no state-operated exchange, marketplace, or central counterparty, and the 2025 reform does not establish one. The reform only confirms the transferability of credits and encourages improved transparency.
Settlement Systems: Legal title and delivery are evidenced by registry entries. As confirmed by the Banque de France³⁸ and the Haut Comité Juridique de la Place Financière, spot LBC credits are treated as intangible assets with title deriving from registry records. For derivative markets in LBC credits, further guidance applies.
Price Discovery: There is no mandated exchange, benchmark, or public price reporting for LBC credits. Prices are determined bilaterally. The 2025 reform identifies greater transparency of information as a policy objective but does not impose price-disclosure obligations.
Oversight Authority: The DGEC (Ministry for Ecological Transition) supervises overall LBC governance, approves methodologies, and oversees implementation of the Decree and Arrêté. Prefects manage issuance, and the ministry operates the registry. Financial regulators (Financial Markets Authority) intervene only if credit-based derivatives fall under EU financial regulation. Spot LBC credits remain outside the perimeter of “financial instruments”.³⁹
Legal Classification: Under the 2025 reform, units generated by LBC projects are explicitly treated as “crédits carbone” recorded in a national registry rather than only as nontransferable “recognized reductions.” The revised framework recognizes verified tons of carbon dioxide equivalent as LBC carbon credits in the registry after successful third-party verification and ministerial or prefectural decision. It allows these credits to be ceded and exchanged (with no regulatory limit on the number of transactions) and ultimately withdrawn (“retrait”) when a final beneficiary uses them for voluntary contribution or compensation, or to comply with certain specific legal compensation obligations. After withdrawal, credits are no longer tradable. In legal-technical terms, LBC credits are administratively certified units of verified GHG reduction or removal, created and governed by national public law; they are not defined as “quotas” under EU ETS law and are not classified as regulated financial instruments in their own right.

Under French generally accepted accounting principles and international financial reporting standards (IFRS), LBC credits purchased by companies are generally recognized as intangible assets, reflecting their legal classification under French doctrine as biens meubles incorporels. When acquired for future use, they are carried on the balance sheet at acquisition cost; when acquired for resale or intermediation, they may instead be classified as inventory. LBC credits are not treated as financial instruments, and they do not create liabilities unless the buyer has a separate, legally enforceable obligation to retire credits at a later date. Importantly, the LBC framework also limits market circulation: Each credit may be transferred (“cession”) a maximum of three times before its final retirement (“retrait”), which must be recorded in the national registry. Upon retirement, when a buyer uses the credit to support a voluntary climate contribution or compensation claim, the asset is expensed to the income statement, as it is consumed and no longer has economic value. This approach aligns with prevailing IFRS practice (IAS 38 or IAS 2) and French Plan Comptable Général accounting principles for intangible assets and inventories.⁴⁰

C. Market Integrity Safeguards

Anti-Manipulation and Fraud Prevention: None.
Transparency and Reporting Requirements: In France, all transparency and reporting requirements for project-based carbon credits are fulfilled through the Label bas-carbone’s state registry and official ministry disclosures, not by trading institutions.

D. Financial and Cross-Border Integration

Financial Regulation Integration: None.
Cross-Border Trading Framework: LBC credits are designated for use in France only. Credits cannot be used in the EU ETS or to meet France’s (or others’) NDCs. Any future export or cross-border use would require compliance with Article 6 accounting (corresponding adjustments); as of early 2026,⁴¹ LBC remains a domestic system.

E. Regulatory Advancement Development Road Map

Infrastructure Plans: There is no established formal exchange or spot trading platform. All LBC trades are OTC and are settled via the official LBC registry.

International Cooperation: France’s LBC is strictly domestic for now; no international registry linkage or Article 6.2 bilateral mechanism is operational as of late 2025. The government has expressed a willingness to align the LBC framework with the forthcoming EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework⁴² and to prepare for future cross-border recognition (including possible corresponding adjustments for Article 6), but no technical or legal integration is in place yet.
Regulatory Evolution: No plans for exchange-based trading, standardized secondary market, or the introduction of more complex carbon contract instruments (such as futures or derivatives) have been announced for LBC; OTC remains the only legal model.
Enforcement Enhancement: None.

References

Ministère de la Transition écologique, de la Biodiversité, de la Forêt, de la Mer et de la Pêche, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone” (updated November 10, 2022, noting replacement by the 5 September 2025 Arrêté), November 10, 2022, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Décret n° 2025-917 du 5 septembre 2025 modifiant le décret n° 2018-1043 du 28 novembre 2018 créant un Label bas carbone,” September 7, 2025, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000052201110. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Le Label bas carbone fait peau neuve: un cadre revu pour les acteurs de la transition,” September 18, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/actualites/le-label-bas-carbone-fait-peau-neuve-un-cadre-revu-pour-les-acteurs-de-la-transition. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Registre du Label bas carbone,” April 2, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/registre-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Stratégie nationale bas-carbone (SNBC),” August 27, 2025, https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/politiques-publiques/strategie-nationale-bas-carbone-snbc. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Réglementation—Label bas-carbone,” 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, de la Biodiversité, de la Forêt, de la Mer et de la Pêche, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone” (updated November 10, 2022, noting replacement by the September 5, 2025 Arrêté), November 10, 2022, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Loi n° 2021-1104 du 22 août 2021 portant lutte contre le dérèglement climatique et renforcement de la résilience face à ses effets,” Article 147, August 22, 2021, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043956924. ↩
DREAL Grand Est, “Le Label bas-carbone: certifier les crédits carbone et agir pour le climat,” Ministère de la Transition écologique, updated September 30, 2025, https://www.grand-est.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/le-label-bas-carbone-certifier-les-credits-carbone-a21632.html. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Registre du Label bas carbone,” April 2, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/registre-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Ministère de la Transition énergétique, “Présentation des méthodes du Label bas-carbone,” October 6, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/presentation-des-methodes-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 16–17: Durée de validité et révision d’une méthode, Abrogation d’une méthode, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ibid., Articles 5, 21–26. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Registre du Label bas carbone,” April 2, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/registre-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025,” Article 2, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ministère de la Transition énergétique, “Présentation des méthodes du Label bas-carbone,” October 6, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/presentation-des-methodes-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 5, 23, 26, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Stratégie nationale bas-carbone (SNBC),” August 27, 2025, https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/politiques-publiques/strategie-nationale-bas-carbone-snbc. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 2, 5, 28–29, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ibid, Article 3. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
DREAL Grand Est, “Le Label bas-carbone: certifier les crédits carbone et agir pour le climat,” Ministère de la Transition écologique, updated September 30, 2025, https://www.grand-est.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/le-label-bas-carbone-certifier-les-credits-carbone-a21632.html. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, de la Biodiversité, de la Forêt, de la Mer et de la Pêche, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone” (updated November 10, 2022, noting replacement by the 5 September 2025 Arrêté), November 10, 2022, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 26-29, September 7, 2025, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000052201236. ↩
Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative, “VCMI Welcomes French Government Carbon Credit Charter to Stimulate High-Integrity Demand Amongst World’s Leading Companies,” April 25, 2025, https://vcmintegrity.org/vcmi-welcomes-french-government-carbon-credit-charter-to-stimulate-high-integrity-demand-amongst-worlds-leading-companies/. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, de la Biodiversité, de la Forêt, de la Mer et de la Pêche, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone” (updated November 10, 2022, noting replacement by the 5 September 2025 Arrêté), November 10, 2022, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 2, 5, 28-29, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Annex the Pledge: Charter for Paris-Aligned and High Integrity Use of Carbon Credits,” April 2025, https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/documents/Annex_the_pledge_Charte_credits_carbone_ChangeNOW%202025.pdf. ↩
Journal officiel de la République française, “Arrêté du 5 septembre 2025 définissant le référentiel du Label bas carbone,” Articles 5-7, September 7, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2025-09/Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9%20extrait%20JO.pdf. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Vous souhaitez financer un projet labellisé,” September 11, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/financer-un-projet. ↩
Ministère de la Transition énergétique, “Registre du Label bas-carbone,” September 10, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/registre-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, “Vous souhaitez financer un projet labellisé,” September 11, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/financer-un-projet. ↩
Ministère de la Transition écologique, de la Biodiversité, de la Forêt, de la Mer et de la Pêche, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone” (updated November 10, 2022, noting replacement by the 5 September 2025 Arrêté), November 10, 2022, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Ministère de la Transition énergétique, “Registre du Label bas-carbone,” September 10, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/registre-du-label-bas-carbone. ↩
Banque de France/Haut Comité Juridique de la Place Financière, Report on the Legal and Regulatory Aspects of the Voluntary Carbon Market (No. 66-A), October 16, 2024, https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2024-11/Rapport_66_A.pdf. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ibid. ↩
Ministère de la Transition énergétique, “Les textes réglementaires applicables au Label bas carbone,” September 10, 2025, https://label-bas-carbone.ecologie.gouv.fr/reglementation. ↩
Carbon Pulse, “France’s Domestic Carbon Certification Scheme Aims to Align with EU CRCF,” October 14, 2025, https://carbon-pulse.com/444619/. ↩